Mir-675-5p supports hypoxia-induced drug resistance in colorectal cancer cells

Background The uncontrolled proliferation of cancer cells determines hypoxic conditions within the neoplastic mass with consequent activation of specific molecular pathways that allow cells to survive despite oxygen deprivation. The same molecular pathways are often the cause of chemoresistance. This study aims to investigate the role of the hypoxia-induced miR-675-5p in 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) resistance on colorectal cancer (CRC) cells. Methods CRC cell lines were treated with 5-Fu and incubated in normoxic or hypoxic conditions; cell viability has been evaluated by MTT assay. MiR-675-5p levels were analysed by RT-PCR and loss and gain expression of the miRNA has been obtained by the transfection of miRNA antagomir or miRNA mimic. Total protein expression of different apoptotic markers was analysed through western blot assay. MirWalk 2.0 database search engine was used to investigate the putative targets of the miR-675-5p involved in the apoptotic process. Finally, the luciferase assay was done to confirm Caspase-3 as a direct target of the miR-675-5p. Results Our data demonstrated that hypoxia-induced miR-675-5p counteracts the apoptotic signal induced by 5-FU, thus taking part in the drug resistance response. We showed that the apoptotic markers, cleaved PARP and cleaved caspase-3, increased combining miR-675-5p inhibition with 5-FU treatment. Moreover, we identified pro-caspase-3 among the targets of the miR-675-5p. Conclusion Our data demonstrate that the inhibition of hypoxia-induced miR-675-5p combined with 5-FU treatment can enhances drug efficacy in both prolonged hypoxia and normoxia, indicating a possible strategy to partially overcome chemoresistance. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-022-09666-2.

To treat advanced CRCs, it is required to integrate 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) based therapy with oxaliplatin, reaching a drug-response rate of around 50% [8,9]. The acquisition of chemotherapy resistance is a complex process whose underlying mechanism has not been fully elucidated. Cancer drug resistance in fact, can occur through different strategies, including cell death inhibition (apoptosis suppression), alteration in drugs' metabolism, epigenetic and drug targets, enhanced DNA repair and gene amplification [10].
Among the identified mechanisms responsible for 5-FU resistance are the alterations in enzymes involved in the drug's metabolism, such as the increase of thymidylate synthase activity [11], and the dysregulation of drug transporters that induces multidrug resistance (MDR) [12,13]. In addition, cellular processes as apoptosis, autophagy and cell cycle could be altered in CRC cells thus affecting response to 5-FU therapy [7,[14][15][16].
Another mechanism that can induce chemo-resistance is the low oxygen tension (hypoxia) established in growing tumour masses. The hypoxic microenvironment can promote tumour progression by inducing cell cycle deregulation and by allowing apoptosis escape; it has been associated with a poor prognosis for many cancers including breast [17], hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) [18] and CRC [19].
The hallmark of the cellular responses to low oxygen partial pressure is the stabilization of the hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) that, migrating in the nucleus and activating its target genes, induces molecular and phenotypic changes promoting cell survival, plasticity, motility and resistance to several anticancer drugs, including 5-FU. To date, numerous attempts to inhibit HIF activity for the treatment of solid tumours failed to meet the expectations, presumably due to the pleiotropism of this transcription factor [20]. Hence the need to understand the molecular mediators through which HIF determines the more aggressive phenotype and chemoresistance, to identify new and effective therapeutic targets.
Over the past few decades, many studies indicated the relevance of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in hypoxiadriven cancer progression and correlated their overexpression with poor prognosis [21]. Recently, it was shown that hypoxia-induced ncRNAs LUCAT1 confers chemoresistance to CRC cells both in vitro and in vivo. LUCAT1 physically interacts with PTBP1 (Polypyrimidine Tract Binding Protein 1) to modulate the alternative splicing of a set of DNA damage-related genes [22].
This study aims to investigate the role of the hypoxiainduced ncRNA miR-675-5p in 5-FU chemoresistance on CRC cells, to identify new and more effective molecular targets for the treatment of colorectal cancer.
Cells were maintained in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO 2 at 37 °C and used at early passages (under 10 passages) for all experiments. The culture medium was changed every 2-3 days, and cells were split at 70-80% of confluence.

Hypoxia assay
To perform hypoxia experiments, cells were seeded on cell culture plates (Sarstedt), maintained for 24 hours in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO 2 at 37 °C, and finally moved into a hypoxic chamber (Stemcell ™ Technologies, Voden Medical Instruments spa, Italy) containing 1% O 2 gas mixture for 72 hours, the suitable time to achieve hypoxia-induced drug resistance [18].
After this time cells were used for MTT assay or protein and RNA extraction.

RNA extraction and real-time PCR (RT-PCR)
Total RNA was extracted using the commercially available TRIzol ® RNA Isolation Reagents (Cat. n° 15,596,026, Thermo Fisher ® Products & Kits, USA) according to the manufacturer's instructions. The total RNA concentration was detected with Nanodrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher ® , USA). Reverse transcription and qRT-PCR were performed following the manufacturer's instruction by the use of TaqMan ™ MicroRNA Reverse Transcription Kit (Cat. n° 4,366,596, Applied Biosystem ™ , USA) and TaqMan ™ Fast Universal PCR Master Mix. (Cat. n° 4,352,042, Applied Biosystems ™ , USA). For probes and oligonucleotides were used Has-miR-675-5p cod. TM002005 and U6 snRNA cod. TM001973 (all from Applied Biosystems ™ , USA). Hsa-miR-675-5p expression levels were normalized to U6 snRNA and data are presented as 2^-ΔΔCt.

MirWalk target prediction
The miR-675-5p targets prediction among apoptosis pathay was performed using the tool Target Mining of mirWalk 2.0 database search engine [29].

Western blotting
HCT116 and SW480 cells were lysed for 1,30 hours in Lysis Buffer (15 mM Tris/HCl pH 7.5, 120 mM NaCl, 25 mM KCl, 1 mM EDTA, 0.5% Triton X100) addicted with Phosphatase Inhibitor cocktail (Cat. n° 37,492, Active Motif, USA). Cell debris was removed by centrifugation at 17.000 g for 15′ at 4 °C and the supernatant, containing protein lysate, was quantified by the Bradford microassay method (Pierce ™ Coomassie Plus Assay Kit, Cat. n° 23,236, ThermoFisher Scientific, USA) using Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA, Cat. n° A2153, Sigma-Aldrich, USA) as a standard. A total of 15 μg of protein from each sample was separated using Bolt Bis-Tris gel 4 -12% (Cat. n° NP0326BOX, ThermoFisher Scientific, USA) and transferred on nitrocellulose membranes with pore size 0.45 μm (Cat. n° GEH10600002, GE Healthcare, USA). The membranes were coloured with 0.1% Rosso Ponceau in 5% acetic acid to evaluate the correct loading and migration of all samples. The membranes were incu-

Prolonged hypoxia induced chemo-resistance to the 5-FU treatment and enhanced miR-675-5p expression
Long-time exposure to hypoxic conditions, beyond 48 hours, is known to activate molecular pathways leading cancer cells to promote survival strategies including chemo-resistance [30][31][32]. To reproduce this condition in vitro, CRC cell lines (HCT116 and SW480) were treated with different concentrations of 5-FU and maintained in a hypoxic chamber containing 1% O 2 gas mixture for 72 hours. The activation of hypoxic response in our model was confirmed by the increase of the carbonic anhydrase 9 (CA9), a primary HIF's target [33] ( Fig. 1) [32,33].
To investigate the effects of hypoxia on cell survival, MTT assays have been done. As expected, the cell viability assay showed that 5-FU treatments induced cell death in CRC cell lines in normoxic conditions while it did not occur in hypoxic conditions ( Fig. 2A-B). These data supported the use of our model as a tool to investigate the molecular mechanisms controlling hypoxia-induced chemoresistance. Further experiments have been performed by using the higher dose of 5-FU.
Our previous manuscripts identified the miR-675-5p as hypoxia-induced miRNA with a role in mediating acute hypoxic responses. However, the expression of miR-675-5p after prolonged hypoxic stimulation has not been yet investigated [25,28]. The RT-PCR in Fig. 2C revealed that CRC lines after prolonged hypoxia (72 hours) express higher levels of miR-675-5p compared to cells in normoxic conditions. These data prompted us to investigate its role in drug resistance.

The use of miR-675-5p antagonist counteracted the hypoxia-induced drug resistance
Firstly through miRNA inhibition, we explored the role of hypoxia-induced miR-675-5p in cell viability. MTT assay revealed that in both cell lines, treatment with miRNA AntagomiR-675-5p reduced cell viability of hypoxic cells (Fig. 3A). In the light of this, we investigated whether treatment with AntagomiR-675-5p could enhance the effect of 5-FU thus overcoming the hypoxia-induced chemoresistance.
The cell viability assay confirmed our hypothesis indicating that, in hypoxic conditions, cells treated with both 5-FU and AntagomiR-675-5p showed a higher reduction for Carbonic Anhydrase (CA9) obtained from protein lysates of HCT116 and SW480 in normoxic conditions or subjected to hypoxic conditions. The graphs ordinate shows the OD (Optical Density) of the indicated proteins normalized for the housekeeping's OD (β-actin). Data are expressed as the mean ± SD of three independent experiments and statistical significance was analyzed using a Student's t-test (* = p < 0.05; ** = p < 0.01). Corresponding uncropped full-length blots are included in Supplementary Materials of cell viability, compared to cells treated with the drug alone (Fig. 3B).
It is known that 5-FU treatment in CRC promotes apoptosis through caspase-9 activation [34], here we investigated if the addition of the AntagomiR-675-5p promotes cell death by enforcing cell entrance into apoptosis. To this aim, western blot analyses for apoptotic markers were done in hypoxic cells (1% O 2 gas mixture) transfected with AntagomiR-675-5p or Scrambled Negative Control (Scr) and treated or not with 5-FU (10 μM). As shown in Figs. 4A-B the treatment with 5-FU induced PARP cleavage and increased the levels of cleaved caspase-3, interestingly these effects were further improved by the addition of AntagomiR-675-5p to the drug. Overall these data indicated a role for the miR-675-5p in inhibiting apoptosis.

MiR-675-5p directly targeted caspase 3 3'UTR
By querying the miRWalk database [29], we obtained the list of the putative miR-675-5p targets involved in apoptosis (Fig. 5A) (KEGG Pathway hsa04210#Apoptosis). Considering the effects shown by the AntagomiR-675-5p in hypoxic conditions we decided to investigate firstly the caspases of the intrinsic apoptosis pathway: caspase-9 and caspase-3. Targets' validation has been performed only in HCT116. We transfected HCT116 cells with miRNA-675-5p mimic (Fig. 5B) and investigated protein levels of both putative targets. Transfection was performed on cells in normoxia as they express lower levels of miR-675-5p.
The western blot in Fig. 5D indicated that miRNA overexpression in normoxic cells induced a reduction in pro-caspase-3 while no effects have been revealed in pro-caspase-9 (Fig. 5C). The direct targeting of caspase-3 3'UTR, has been further confirmed by Luciferase assay (Fig. 5E).
Overall the data demonstrated that, in HCT116 CRC cells grown in normoxic conditions, AntagomiR-675-5p enforces the pro-apoptotic effects of 5-FU treatment by protecting caspase-3 from miRNA-675-5p mediated inhibition.
Finally, we wondered if AntagomiR-675-5p could reinforce the effect of 5-FU even when miR-675-5p concentrations are not as high as in some cases of primary tumor or in cells under normoxic conditions [25]. Figure 6 indicated that, although with less intensity than in hypoxic conditions, in HCT116 cells the use of AntagomiR-675-5p enhanced the apoptotic process induced by the 5-FU whereas AntagomiR-67-5p alone did not affect cell viability, unlike what occurred in hypoxia. Discussion CRC still maintain a leading position among the causes of cancer deaths [1,2]. Although extensive advances in CRC treatments have been reached, chemoresistance to drug treatment remains the major cause of recurrence and metastasis.
Nowadays it is important to dissect the molecular mechanisms underlying chemoresistance processes, to identify new therapeutic targets and to enhance the action of conventional therapy [5,6,10].
Increasing data obtained from experimental and clinical studies have shown that intratumoral hypoxia is a common feature of human cancers contributing to the development of resistance to radiation and chemotherapy [35,36]. Meanwhile, several studies confirmed the role of hypoxia-induced non-coding RNAs as pivotal players mediating hypoxic responses, including drug resistance [21,22,[37][38][39][40].
Here we demonstrated, for the first time to our knowledge that the miR-675-5p, which expression is markedly increased by the hypoxic microenvironment, enforces drug resistance by affecting 5-FU induced apoptosis through the inhibition of caspase-3.
Resistance to chemotherapy treatment is often caused by processes that inhibit the apoptosis induced by the drug, to overcome this limit several miRNAs have been identified as possible drug co-operators. MiR-206, miR-148a, miR-125a-5p and miR-129 can target BCL2, reducing its anti-apoptotic role and the overexpression of these miRNAs increased the sensitivity of CRC cells to 5-FU [49][50][51][52]. MiR-143 increased the sensitivity of colorectal cancer cells to 5-FU stimulated apoptosis by down-regulating BCL-2 and activating caspases 3, 8, and 9 and [53]. Also, miR-182 by inducing caspase-3/PARP, and miR-34a by targeting SIRT1, significantly increase apoptosis in CRC. On the other hand, the reduction of miRNA such as miR-135b, miR-21 and miR-587, involved in apoptosis, can be considered a solution to enhance the apoptosis of CRC cells [54][55][56].
To verify the possible correlation between miR-675-5p and apoptosis pathways we used the miRWalk database, to obtain a network of the 3'UTR putative targets of this miRNA. We found that miR-675-5p may target many mRNAs involved in apoptosis, such as caspase-3 and caspase-9. Here we have confirmed the binding of miR-675-5p to caspase 3 however other putative markers remain to be investigated.
Moreover, our data indicated that, in prolonged hypoxia, the miR-675-5p may promote cell viability in multiple ways. MTT assay revealed that miR-675-5p inhibition reduced cell viability in hypoxic cells however, treatment with the AntagomiR-675-5p alone showed no cleavage in either Caspase 3 or PARP. Our previous manuscript demonstrated that miR-675-5p inhibition impedes beta-catenin nuclear localization in hypoxic CRC cells inducing inhibition in Cyclin D expression. It is reasonable to assume that this inhibitory effect may be reflected in a slowing of the cell cycle. However, further data must be produced to support this hypothesis.

Conclusion
Our in vitro data unveiled a possible role for the hypoxiainduced miR-675-5p as a promoter of 5-FU drug resistance. We demonstrated that the use of miRNA-675-5p inhibitor in combination with the drug 5-FU could enforce the action of the last, overcoming at least in part a chemo-resistant situation (Fig. 7). Our data suggested that the combined action of the drug and AntagomiR-675-5p could lead to a decrease in therapeutic drug doses, but further in vivo studies are needed to confirm this hypothesis. Fig. 6 Effects of AntagomiR-675-5p on HCT116 cell line in normoxic conditions. A-B: Representative images and densitometric analyses of Western blots for cleaved PARP/PARP and Cleaved caspase-3 in HCT116 in normoxic conditions, transfected with AntagomiR-675-5p or Scrambled Negative Control (Scr) and treated or not with 5-FU (10 μM). The graphs ordinate shows the OD (Optical Density) of the indicated proteins normalized for the housekeeping's OD (β-actin). Data are expressed as the mean ± SD of three independent experiments and statistical significance was analysed by using Ordinary one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni's multiple comparison test (* = p < 0.05; ** = p < 0.01; **** = p < 0.0001). Corresponding uncropped full-length blots are included in a Supplementary Material Fig. 7 Schematic representation of the proposed model. On the left in red is represented the CRC cell treated with the chemotherapeutic drug 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) which in normoxic conditions activates the apoptotic process. In blue at the top right is represented the CRC cell treated with 5-FU in conditions of prolonged hypoxia, in which the overexpression of miR-675-5p inhibits the activation of the apoptotic process by targeting the pro-caspase 3. Finally, below on the right in blue is represented the CRC cell treated with 5-FU in conditions of prolonged hypoxia, in which the presence of AntagomiR-675-5p activates the apoptotic process, increasing the protein levels of the cleaved caspase-3 and the cleaved PARP